Monomers Polymers and Macromolecules Review Match the Image Below to the Correct Description

Talk over biological macromolecules and the differences betwixt the four classes

As we've learned, there are four major classes of biological macromolecules:

• Proteins (polymers of amino acids)
• Carbohydrates (polymers of sugars)
• Lipids (polymers of lipid monomers)
• Nucleic acids (Deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA; polymers of nucleotides)

Permit's take a closer look at the differences between the difference classes.

Learning Objectives

• Define the term "macromolecule"
• Distinguish betwixt the 4 classes of macromolecules

At present that we've discussed the four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), let's talk nearly macromolecules equally a whole. Each is an of import cell component and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make upwards the majority of a cell's dry out mass (think that water makes upward the majority of its complete mass). Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they incorporate carbon. In improver, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and additional minor elements.

Yous are What You Eat

Comparing the Biological Macromolecules

Macromolecule	Basic Formula, key features	Monomer	Examples	Uses
Proteins	CHON −NH2 + −COOH +R group	Amino acids	Enzymes, some hormones	Storage; Signals; Structural; Contractile; Defensive; Enzyme; Transport; Receptors
Lipids	C:H:O Greater than 2:ane H:O (carboxyl group)	Fat acrid and glycerol	Butter, oil, cholesterol, beeswax	Free energy storage; Protection; Chemic messengers; Repel water
Carbohydrates	C:H:O ane:ii:1	Monosaccharides	Glucose, Fructose, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose	Energy storage; Structure
Nucleic Acids	CHONP pentose, nitrogenous base, phosphate	Nucleotides	DNA, RNA	Genetic information

Dehydration Synthesis

Nigh macromolecules are fabricated from single subunits, or building blocks, calledmonomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known aspolymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. This type of reaction is known asdehydration synthesis, which means "to put together while losing h2o."

Figure 1. In the dehydration synthesis reaction depicted to a higher place, two molecules of glucose are linked together to form the disaccharide maltose. In the process, a water molecule is formed.

In a aridity synthesis reaction (Effigy ane), the hydrogen of i monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a molecule of water. At the same time, the monomers share electrons and form covalent bonds. As additional monomers bring together, this chain of repeating monomers forms a polymer. Different types of monomers tin can combine in many configurations, giving rise to a diverse group of macromolecules. Even one kind of monomer tin can combine in a variety of ways to class several different polymers: for example, glucose monomers are the constituents of starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Hydrolysis

Polymers are broken down into monomers in a process known every bit hydrolysis, which means "to split water," a reaction in which a water molecule is used during the breakup (Effigy two). During these reactions, the polymer is broken into ii components: i part gains a hydrogen cantlet (H+) and the other gains a hydroxyl molecule (OH–) from a split h2o molecule.

Figure two. In the hydrolysis reaction shown hither, the disaccharide maltose is broken down to form two glucose monomers with the improver of a water molecule. Note that this reaction is the contrary of the synthesis reaction shown in Figure 1.

Dehydration andhydrolysis reactions are catalyzed, or "sped up," past specific enzymes; aridity reactions involve the formation of new bonds, requiring free energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy. These reactions are similar for most macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific for its form. For case, in our bodies, nutrient is hydrolyzed, or broken downwards, into smaller molecules past catalytic enzymes in the digestive system. This allows for easy assimilation of nutrients by cells in the intestine. Each macromolecule is broken downwards by a specific enzyme. For instance, carbohydrates are broken downwardly by amylase, sucrase, lactase, or maltase. Proteins are broken downwardly by the enzymes pepsin and peptidase, and by hydrochloric acid. Lipids are broken down by lipases. Breakdown of these macromolecules provides energy for cellular activities.

In Summary: Comparing Biological Macromolecules

Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four major classes of biological macromolecules—big molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules. Macromolecules are fabricated up of unmarried units known equally monomers that are joined by covalent bonds to form larger polymers. The polymer is more than the sum of its parts: it acquires new characteristics, and leads to an osmotic force per unit area that is much lower than that formed by its ingredients; this is an important advantage in the maintenance of cellular osmotic conditions. A monomer joins with another monomer with the release of a water molecule, leading to the formation of a covalent bail. These types of reactions are known equally dehydration or condensation reactions. When polymers are broken downwardly into smaller units (monomers), a molecule of water is used for each bond broken past these reactions; such reactions are known as hydrolysis reactions. Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are like for all macromolecules, merely each monomer and polymer reaction is specific to its class. Dehydration reactions typically require an investment of energy for new bond formation, while hydrolysis reactions typically release energy past breaking bonds.

Check Your Understanding

Answer the question(s) below to see how well yous understand the topics covered in the previous section. This short quiz doesnon count toward your form in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.

Use this quiz to cheque your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous department further or (2) move on to the next section.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/comparing-biological-macromolecules/